Machu Picchu (del quechua sureño machu pikchu, "Montaña Vieja") es el nombre contemporáneo que se da a una llaqta incaica construida a mediados del siglo XV en el promontorio rocoso que une las montañas Machu Picchu y Huayna Picchu en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Central, al sur del Perú y a 2490 msnm. Su nombre original habría sido Picchu o Picho.
Según documentos de mediados del siglo XVI,Machu Picchu habría sido una de las residencias de descanso de Pachacútec (primer inca del Tahuantinsuyo, 1438-1470). Sin embargo, algunas de sus mejores construcciones y el evidente carácter ceremonial de la principal vía de acceso a la llaqta demostrarían que esta fue usada como santuario religioso.Ambos usos, el de palacio y el de santuario, no habrían sido incompatibles. Algunos expertos parecen haber descartado, en cambio, un supuesto carácter militar, por lo que los populares calificativos de "fortaleza" o "ciudadela" podrían haber sido superados.
Machu Picchu es considerada al mismo tiempo una obra maestra de la arquitectura y la ingeniería.Sus peculiares características arquitectónicas y paisajísticas, y el velo de misterio que ha tejido a su alrededor buena parte de la literatura publicada sobre el sitio, lo han convertido en uno de los destinos turísticos más populares del planeta.
Machu Picchu está en la Lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Unesco desde 1983, como parte de todo un conjunto cultural y ecológico conocido bajo la denominación Santuario histórico de Machu Picchu. El 7 de julio de 2007 Machu Picchu fue declarada como una de las nuevas siete maravillas del mundo moderno en una ceremonia realizada en Lisboa, Portugal, que contó con la participación de cien millones de votantes en el mundo entero.
Machu Picchu or Machu Pikchu or"old peak",is a 15th-century Inca site located 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) above sea level.It is located in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province, Machupicchu District in Peru.It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Sacred Valley which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cusco and through which the Urubamba River flows. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of Inca civilization.
The Incas built the estate around 1450, but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham. Since then, Machu Picchu has become an important tourist attraction. Most of the outlying buildings have been reconstructed in order to give tourists a better idea of what the structures originally looked like.By 1976, thirty percent of Machu Picchu had been restored.The restoration work continues to this day.
Since the site was not known to the Spanish during their conquest, it is highly significant as a relatively intact cultural site. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.
Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls. Its three primary structures are the Intihuatana (Hitching post of the Sun), the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three Windows. These are located in what is known by archaeologists as the Sacred District of Machu Picchu.
Machu Picchu is vulnerable to threats from a variety of sources. While natural phenomena like earthquakes and weather systems can play havoc with access, the site also suffers from the pressures of too many tourists. In addition, preservation of the area's cultural and archaeological heritage is an ongoing concern. Most notably, the removal of cultural artifacts by the Bingham expeditions in the early 20th century gave rise to a long-term dispute between the government of Peru and the custodian of the artifacts, Yale University.